In the book they present the Expectancy Theory which was formulated by Victor Vroom and it has been summarized as, "The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends of the strength of an expectancy that the act will be followed by a given consequence (or outcome) and on the value or attractiveness of that consequence (or outcome) to the actor. In other words people are motivated to act in a certain way after they consider the hypothetical outcome of an action they might commit in order to produce a desired outcome. Also if the individual thinks that putting forth more effort will not have any significant impact on the quality of the intended goal then he/she will put more, less, or the same amount of effort into their endeavors. Vroom defines expectancy as follows, "represents an individual's belief that a particular degree of effort will be followed by a particular level of performance." A person's expectancy can be influenced by factors such as:
1. Self-esteem
2. Self-efficacy
3. Previous success at the task
4. Help received from a supervisor and subordinates
5. Information necessary to complete the task
6. Good materials and equipment to work with
People's previous failures and glories will take much part in their expectancy and will at times dictate what a person does and how much effort a person will put into the task at hand. The designated importance a person places on a task, goal, etc. will also dictate how much effort a person is willing to put into their endeavors.
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